ALFRED: allele frequency database

The ALlele FREquency Database
ALFRED is a resource of gene frequency data on human populations
supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation.

ALFRED detailed record information

Population Information

Name	ALFRED UID	Primary Language	Language Family
Cayapa	PO000292N	CHACHI	Barbacoan

Synonyms:
Geographic Location¹: 1.5N, 80W; .5N, 78.5W

Sites typed for this population: View List
Population Samples: See Sample Information
External Resources: Ethnologue: Language Map Record Ethnologue: Language Description Record
References: See references
Population Description: The Cayapa (Chachi) Indians are an indigenous South American group who live along the Cayapas River in the northwestern part of Ecuador. They have an estimated population of 3,600 individuals (Scacchi et al. 1997; Carrasco 1988). Their language, Chachi, is part of the Barbacoan linguistic family. The Cayapa are unique in that their census has remained stable for 10 generations during years of colonial rule and introduction to foreign diseases; the population is just now expanding (Barriga-Lopez 1987; Carrasco 1988). Part of their unwritten history depicts a journey into the Andes from the Amazon basin (Carrasco, 1988) and soon afterward an evacuation from the highlands (in the province of Imbabura) to the lowland jungles to evade both Inca and Spanish servitude. According to Rickards et al. (1999, 1994), these various factors suggest that neither historical incidences nor forced acculturation has distorted their fundamental genetic identity. Traditionally, this coastal community's economy was based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. However, they are now agriculturally based and produce crops both for nutritional value as well as for the exportation of coffee and cocoa.
References:
- Barrantes R, Smouse PE, Mohrensweiser HW, Gershowitz H, Azofeifa J, Arias TD, Neel JV. "Microevolution in lower Central America: genetic characterization of the Chibcha-speaking groups of Costa Rica and Panama, and a consensus taxonomy based on genetic and linguistic affinity.". Am J Hum Genet 46:63-84. (1990) Online citation.

- Barrett SA. "The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador. Indian notes and monographs 40". Heye Foundation, New York (1925)

- Carrasco E. "El pueblo Chachi: el jeengume avanza". Abya-Yala Ediciones, Quito (1988)

- Cavalli-Sforza LL. "The DNA revolution in population genetics". Trends Genet 14:60-65. (1998)

- Rickards O, Tartaglia M, Martinez-Labarga C, De Stefano GF. "Genetic characterization of the Cayapa Indians of Ecuador and their genetic relationships with other Native American populations". Hum Biol 66:299-322. (1994) Online citation.

- Scacchi R, Corbo RM, Rickards O, De Stefano GF. "The Cayapa Indians of Ecuador: a population study of seven protein genetic polymorphisms". Ann Hum Biol 21:67-77. (1994) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Cayapa

Sample UID: SA003057P

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated, healthy Cayapa subjects. All the subjects gave their informed consent for the study.

Number of Chromosomes: 114

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Pepe G, Camacho Vanegas O, Giusti B, Brunelli T, Marcucci R, Attanasio M, Rickards O, De Stefano GF, Prisco D, Gensini GF, Abbate R. "Heterogeneity in world distribution of the thermolabile C677T mutation in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase". Am J Hum Genet. 63:917-20. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Cayapa Indians

Sample UID: SA000409N

Sample Description:Blood samples of Cayapa Indians were taken from unrelated individuals of both sexes, living along the Cayapa River and its tributaries in Ecuador. They speak a Chibchan language that belongs to the northern Andean linguistic division.

Number of Chromosomes: 192

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Demarchi DA, Marcellino AJ, de Basualdo MA, Colantonio SE, de Stefano GF, Hutz MH, Salzano FM, Hill K, Hurtado AM, Carnese FR, Goicoechea AS, Dejean CB, Guevara AG, Crawford MH. "Apolipoprotein B signal peptide polymorphism distribution among south Amerindian populations ". Hum Biol. 71:995-1000. (1999) Online citation.

- Scacchi R, Corbo RM, Rickards O, Mantuano E, Guevara A, De Stefano GF. "Apolipoprotein B and E genetic polymorphisms in the Cayapa Indians of Ecuador". Hum. Biol. 69:375-382. (1997) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Cayapa

Sample UID: SA003707R

Sample Description:This sample consists of Cayapa sample of 15 unmixed individuals collected by G.F De Stefano (University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome) along the Cayapas river, Ecuador.

Number of Chromosomes: 30

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Callegari-Jacques SM, Tarazona-Santos EM, Gilman RH, Herrera P, Cabrera L, Dos Santos SE, Mor�s L, Hutz MH, Salzano FM. "Autosome STRs in native South America-Testing models of association with geography and language". Am J Phys Anthropol. (Epub,ahead of print) (2011) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Cayapa Indians

Sample UID: SA003003G

Sample Description:This sample consists of Cayapa Indians living along the Cayapa river in the Esmeraldas region (North Western Ecuador).

Number of Chromosomes: 240

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Scacchi R, Pinto A, Rickards O, Pacella A, De Stefano GF, Cannella C, Corbo RM. "An analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma 2) Pro12Ala polymorphism distribution and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in world populations in relation to dietary habits". Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 17:632-41. (2007) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Cayapa 1

Sample UID: SA000712K

Number of Chromosomes: 96

Relation to Other Samples: Subsample of SA000407N

¹Geographic Coordinates represent two opposite corners of a rectangle encompassing the area where the population lives.This data is preliminary and changing.

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© 2012 Kenneth K Kidd, Yale University. All rights reserved. The full Copyright Notification is also available.
Originally prototyped by Michael Osier with the aid of Kei Cheung
Upgrades and maintenance since 2002 by Haseena Rajeevan