ALFRED: allele frequency database

The ALlele FREquency Database
ALFRED is a resource of gene frequency data on human populations
supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation.

ALFRED detailed record information

Population Information

Name	ALFRED UID	Primary Language	Language Family
Thai	PO000143I	THAI	Tai-Kadai

Synonyms: Tai ;
Geographic Location¹: 21N, 97.5E; 5.8N, 105.5E

Sites typed for this population: View List
Population Samples: See Sample Information
External Resources: Wikipedia: Encyclopedia Record eHRAF Collection of Ethnography Record Ethnologue: Language Map Record Ethnologue: Language Description Record
References: See references
Population Description: Thailand is a country located in Southeast Asia. It shares its borders with Laos and Cambodia in the east, the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia in the south, and the Andaman Sea and Myanmar (Burma) in the west. Thailand is also known as Siam. Siam was the official name until 1949. Thailand is a constitutional monarchy with His Majesty King recognized as Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist religion and upholder of all religions.

There is archeological evidence that people were living in the Thailand region as long as 10,000 years ago. However, there has been centuries of migration of various peoples into the region, leading to a Thai culture heavily influenced by both Indian and Chinese cultures. Most researchers believe Thais migrated to the region from what is today southern China. Other opinions on Thai origin include believing Thais are indigenous to the region and believing they are originally from Mongolian stock (northwestern China).

The majority of Thai are divided into four major groups: the Central Thai, the Northeastern Thai (Thai-Lao), the Northern Thai, and the Southern Thai (Thai Pak-Thai). Theravada Buddhism is the major religion among Thais. Theravada Buddhism is a form of Buddhism practiced in Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Cambodia and Laos. Buddhism has a strongly influence on Thai daily life. The majority of Thai speak Thai or a language from the Thai family with dialects differing from region to region. The Thai population is mostly rural; however, as Thailand continues to industrialize, its urban population continues to grow. Marriages are arranged by the parents and are usually exogamous. Polygamous marriage is a part of Thai culture although most marriages today are monogamous.

References:
- Kislenko, A. "Culture and Customs of Thailand ". Westport: Greenwood Press (2004)

- LePoer, BL (Ed.). "Thailand: A Country Study ". Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (1989)

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai, Northern

Sample UID: SA000841N

Sample Description:This sample consists of healthy males from the rural areas of the districts of Chiangdao, Chomtong, Maewang and Prao of the Chiang Mai Province in the Northern Thailand. All individuals had parents who were born in the respective districts and were speakers of the local dialect.

Number of Chromosomes: 254

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Horst B, Eigel A, Sanguansermsri T, Rolf B. "Analysis of the short tandem repeat systems HumVWA and HumF13B in a population sample from northern Thailand". Int J Legal Med. 110:235-7. (1997) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Southern Thai

Sample UID: SA001616O

Sample Description:This sample consists of Southern Thai (Urak Lawoi and Sakai tribes combined).

Number of Chromosomes: 154

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Yoshiura KI et al. "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.". Nat Genet. 38:324-330. (2006) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA003734R

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai. This sample is comprised of individuals from the Moken ethnic group and from Phuket, Thailand. This sample was collected by the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF). Informed consent was obtained from all the study subjects at the sampling location and the western Institutional Review Board approved all procedures.

Number of Chromosomes: 48

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Xing J, Watkins WS, Shlien A, Walker E, Huff CD, Witherspoon DJ, Zhang Y, Simonson TS, Weiss RB, Schiffman JD, Malkin D, Woodward SR, Jorde LB. "Toward a more uniform sampling of human genetic diversity: a survey of worldwide populations by high-density genotyping". Genomics 96:199-210. (2010) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA003654S

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai individuals from Thailand.

Number of Chromosomes: 96

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Ohashi J, Naka I, Kimura R, Natsuhara K, Yamauchi T, Furusawa T, Nakazawa M, Ataka Y, Patarapotikul J, Nuchnoi P, Tokunaga K, Ishida T, Inaoka T, Matsumura Y, Ohtsuka R. "FTO polymorphisms in oceanic populations". J Hum Genet. 52:1031-5. (2007) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Bangkok

Sample UID: SA003380O

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai individuals.

Note: This sample information is not fully curated. For additional information about the sample, consult the publications under "References". The sample was entered as part of data submission by Eisenberg DA.

Number of Chromosomes: 434

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Rajatanavin R, Piaseu N, Chailurkit LO, Puavilai G. "Correlation of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism to serum lipid concentrations in healthy Thais". J Med Assoc Thai. 83:1233-9. (2000) Online citation.

- Eisenberg DA, Kuzawa, CW, Hayes MG "Worldwide allele frequencies of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene: climate, local adaptations and evolutionary history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143:100-11. (2010) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thais

Sample UID: SA000917R

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thais from the Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.

Number of Chromosomes: 248

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Rolf B, Horst B, Eigel A, Sagansermsri T, Brinkmann B, Horst J. "Microsatellite profiles reveal an unexpected genetic relationship between Asian populations". Hum Genet 102:647-652. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Northeastern Thais

Sample UID: SA002595V

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated Northeastern Thai from Mainland Southeast Asia.

Number of Chromosomes: 118

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kimura R, Soemantri A, Settheetham-Ishida W, Ohtsuka R, Inaoka T, Pookajorn S, Tiwawech D, Duanchang P, Ishida T "Anthropological implication of the SDF1-3'A allele distribution in Southeast Asia and Melanesia.". J Hum Genet. 47:117-121. (2002) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thailand

Sample UID: SA002530K

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Thailand. This sample was collected as part of anthropological surveys of investigation of non-HIV related medical conditions.

Number of Chromosomes: 202

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB. "Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion". Nat Genet 16:100-103. (1997) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Northern Thai

Sample UID: SA001583R

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated native northern Thais living around Chiang Mai.

Number of Chromosomes: 200

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Bhoopat T, Steger HF. "Frequency distribution of D1S80 alleles in the northern Thai population analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism technique.". Forensic Sci Int. 81:149-55.. (1996) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Northen Thai

Sample UID: SA001851P

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Nothern Thailand.

Number of Chromosomes: 1090

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Bhoopat T, Leaungsiyakul T, Steger HF. "Forensic value of nine STR loci in Northern Thai". Leg Med (Tokyo). 8:198-200. (2006) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA000945S

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated Thai individuals. Samples were collected from blood donors at the National Blook Bank, Thai Red Cross Society.

Number of Chromosomes: 400

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Sueblinvong T.; Kongsrisook U. "Population data of 8 short tandem repeat loci in the Thai population". forensic Science International 103:199-205. (1999) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Northeastern Thai

Sample UID: SA000280K

Sample Description:The Northeastern Thai sample was drawn from the Khon Kaen and the Ubon Ratchathani provinces of northeastern Thailand; they belong to the Laotian subgroup of Thai languages.

Number of Chromosomes: 60

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Parra E, Saha N, Soemantri AG, McGarvey ST, Hundrieser J, Shriver MD, Deka R. "Genetic Variation at 9 autosomal Microsatellite Loci in Asian and Pacific Populations". Hum. Biol. 71:757-779. (1999) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA003434O

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai individuals from Bangkok, Thailand. The individuals were selected at random and this study was approved by the Ethical Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University.

Number of Chromosomes: 222

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Yuasa I, Nakagawa M, Umetsu K, Harihara S, Matsusue A, Nishimukai H, Fukumori Y, Saitou N, Park KS, Jin F, Lucotte G, Chattopadhyay PK, Henke L, Henke J. "Molecular basis of complement factor I (CFI) polymorphism: one of two polymorphic suballeles responsible for CFI A is Japanese-specific". J Hum Genet 53:1016-21. (2008) Online citation.

- Yuasa I, Umetsu K, Matsusue A, Nishimukai H, Harihara S, Fukumori Y, Saitou N, Jin F, Chattopadhyay PK, Henke L, Henke J. "A Japanese-specific allele in the GALNT11 gene". Leg Med (Tokyo). 12:208-11. (2010) Online citation.

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA002220G

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai women who were recruited as part of PHPT-2 study (Perinatal HIV Prevention trial, Thailand ). PHPT-2 was a multicenter, randomized ,3-arm, double -blind, controlled study that assessed the efficacy in preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission by single dose NVP (Nevirapine) given at the onset of labor and to the infant 48-72h after birth, in addition to zidovudine starting at 28 weeks of gestation or as soon as possible later. The subjects were recruited between January ,2001 and February, 2003 from different study sites in Thailand and gave informed consent.

Number of Chromosomes: 64

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Chantarangsu S, Cressey T, Mahasirimongkol S, Tawon Y, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Jourdain G, Lallemant M, Chantratita W. "Comparison of the TaqMan and LightCycler systems in evaluation of CYP2B6 516G>T polymorphism". Mol Cell Probes. 21:408-11. (2007) Online citation.

- Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Mary JY, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Koetsawang S, Kanshana S, McIntosh K, Thaineua V; Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) Investigators "Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand". N Engl J Med. 351:217-28. (2004) Online citation.

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Southern Thais

Sample UID: SA002597X

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated Southern Thai from Mainland Southeast Asia.

Number of Chromosomes: 100

Relation to Other Samples:

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA002135L

Sample Description:This sample consists of male individuals from villages in the Muang district of Khon Kaen province, northeast Thailand.

Number of Chromosomes: 306

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Osaka R, Nanakorn S, Sakata R, Nishiyori A, Shibata A, Nakamura J, Fukuda K. "Alcohol dehydrogenase-2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotypes and male alcohol use disorders in Khon Kaen, north-east Thailand". Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 57:37-45. (2003) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Thai

Sample UID: SA002846U

Sample Description:This sample consists of Thai individuals collected as controls from Songklanagarind Hospital, south Thailand. The controls were in-patients from the surgical and general wards. The samples includes individuals from Thai, Thai-Muslim and Thai-Chinese ethnicity. The Study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University.

Number of Chromosomes: 522

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Boonyaphiphat P, Thongsuksai P, Sriplung H, Puttawibul P. "Lifestyle habits and genetic susceptibility and the risk of esophageal cancer in the Thai population". Cancer Lett. 186:193-9. (2002) Online citation.

¹Geographic Coordinates represent two opposite corners of a rectangle encompassing the area where the population lives.This data is preliminary and changing.

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© 2012 Kenneth K Kidd, Yale University. All rights reserved. The full Copyright Notification is also available.
Originally prototyped by Michael Osier with the aid of Kei Cheung
Upgrades and maintenance since 2002 by Haseena Rajeevan