ALFRED

The ALlele FREquency Database
A resource of gene frequency data on human populations
supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation.

ALFRED detailed record information

Population Information

Name	ALFRED UID	Primary Language	Language Family
Mbuti	PO000006G	LESE	NILO-SAHARAN

Synonyms:
Geographic Location¹: 3N, 26E; 0N, 30E

Sites typed for this population: View List
Population Samples: See Sample Information
External Resources: Ethnologue: Country Description Record EthnoAtlas: Cultural Overview Record Ethnologue: Language Description Record HRAF: Collection of Ethnography Record Ethnologue: Language Map Record EthnoAtlas: Cultural Data Record
References: See references
Population Description: The Mbuti live in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). They speak several Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Kordofanian languages usually using the language of the farmers nearest to their band's territory. There is no accurate census for the Mbuti; however, the estimates that exist range from 20,000 to 50,000 people. They are considered to be just one of four populations of Bambuti "Pygmies." The Mbuti, themselves, can be subdivided into several groups based on geographic location and hunting technology. Each group is composed of a number of territorially defined nomadic bands that exist without formal political structure, basing decisions upon the consensus of respected elders. Net-hunter bands are typically large, numbering up to about 100 people, while bow-hunting bands are much smaller. Although many people have settled in villages, some Mbuti still live a traditional existence based on hunting and gathering supplemented by trading meat and labor with nearby farmers in exchange for tobacco and manufactured goods. Despite the importance of this trade, the Mbuti are not considered to have married or intermixed with their farming neighbors to the same extent that other pygmy groups have.
References:
- Putnam P. "The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest". New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company (1948) Online citation.

- Turnbull CM. "The Mbuti Pygmies: change and adaptation". Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers (1983) Online citation.

- Turnbull CM. "The forest people". New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster (1962) Online citation.

- Turnbull CM. "The Mbuti Pygmies: an ethnographic survey". New York: American Museum of Natural History (1965) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Mbuti Pygmies

Sample UID: SA000006G

Sample Description:The sample is composed of Nilosaharan and Niger Kordofanian speaking Mbuti pygmies from the northeastern part of the Ituri Forest (northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo). It was collected by L.L. Cavalli-Sforza in 1986.

Number of Chromosomes: 78

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Bowcock AM, Bucci C, Hebert JM, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, JS Friedlaender, Cavalli-Sforza LL "Study of 47 DNA markers in five populations from four continents.". Gene Geography 1:47. (1987) Online citation.

- Bowcock AM, Hebert JM, Mountain JM, Kidd JR, Rogers J, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL. "Study of an additional 58 DNA markers in five populations from four continents". Gene Geography 5:151-73. (1991) Online citation.

- Bowcock AM, Kidd JR, Mountain JL, Hebert JM, Carotenuto L, Kidd KK, Cavalli-Sforza LL. "Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: A study with DNA polymorphisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 88:839-43. (1991) Online citation.

- Castiglione CM, Deinard AS, Speed WC, Sirugo G, Rosenbaum HC, Zhang Y, Grandy DK, Grigorenko EL, Bonne-Tamir B, Pakstis AJ, Kidd JR, Kidd KK. "Evolution of haplotypes at the DRD2 locus". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:1445-56. (1995) Online citation.

- Chang FM, Kidd JR, Livak KJ, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK. "The world-wide distribution of allele frequencies at the human dopamine D4 receptor locus". Hum. Genet. 98:91-101. (1996) Online citation.

- Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK. "Global levels of DNA variation". Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Human Identification 1993 (Promega) 21-30. (1993)

- Kidd JR. "Population genetics and population history of Amerindians as reflected by nuclear DNA variation". Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University (1993)

- Kidd KK et al. http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/kkidd/pops.html

- Kidd KK, Morar B, Castiglione CM, Zhao H, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, Bonne-Tamir B, Lu RB, Goldman D, Lee C, Nam YS, Grandy DK, Jenkins T, Kidd JR. "A global survey of haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium at the DRD2 locus". Hum. Genet. 103:211-27. (1998) Online citation.

- Mateu E, Calafell F, Bonne-Tamir B, Kidd JR, Casals T, Kidd KK, Bertranpetit J. "Allele Frequencies in a Worldwide Survey of a CA Repeat in the First Intron of the CFTR Gene". Human Heredity 49:15-20. (1999) Online citation.

- Palmatier MA, Kang AM, Kidd KK. "Global variation in the frequencies of functionally different catechol-O-methyltransferase alleles". Biol. Psychiatry. 46:557-67. (1999) Online citation.

- Tishkoff SA, Dietzsch E, Speed W, Pakstis AJ, Cheung K, Kidd JR, Bonne-Tamir B, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Moral P, Watson E, Krings M, Paabo S, Risch N, Jenkins T, Kidd KK. "Global patterns of linkage disequilibrium at the CD4 locus and modern human origins". Science 271:1380-7. (1996) Online citation.

- Tishkoff SA, Goldman A, Calafell F, Speed WC, Deinard AS, Bonne-Tamir B, Kidd JR, Pakstis AJ, Jenkins T, Kidd KK. "A global haplotype analysis of the myotonic dystrophy locus: implications for the evolution of modern humans and for the origin of myotonic dystrophy mutations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62:1389-402. (1998) Online citation.

- Tishkoff SA, Ruano G, Kidd JR, Kidd KK. "Distribution and frequency of a polymorphic Alu insertion at the plasminogen activator locus in humans". Hum. Genet. 97:759-64. (1996) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Pygmy

Sample UID: SA002940P

Sample Description:This sample consists of male Pygmy individuals.

Number of Chromosomes: 20

Relation to Other Samples:

References:

© 2009 Kenneth K Kidd, Yale University. All rights reserved. The full Copyright Notification is also available.
Originally prototyped by Michael Osier with the aid of Kei Cheung
Upgrades and maintenance since 2002 by Haseena Rajeevan