Sample Name: Oshevensk

Sample UID: SA000761O

Sample Description:The Oshevensk is an isolated population from the Arkhangelsk region of north Russia where external influences are very slight. They represent the Indo-European language family. This sample was collected with informed consent. All individuals were unrelated and healthy with three generations living in the region.

Number of Chromosomes: 156

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Verbenko DA, Pogoda TV, Spitsyn VA, Mikulich AI, Bets LV, Bebyakova NA, Ivanov VP, Abolmasov NN, Pocheshkhova EA, Balanovskaya EV, Tarskaya LA, Sorensen MV, Limborska SA. "Apolipoprotein B 3'-VNTR polymorphism in Eastern European populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 11:444-51. . (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA000019K

Sample Description:Sample collected by E. Grigorenko from rural communities of ethnic Russians living in the Vologda Administrative Region, about 400 km north of Moscow, roughly 59-61N, 39-41E.

Number of Chromosomes: 96

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kang AM, Palmatier MA, Kidd KK. "Global variation of a 40-bp VNTR in the 3'-untranslated region of the dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3)". Biological Psychiatry 46:151-60. (1999) Online citation.

- Kidd KK et al. http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/kkidd/pops.html

- Mateu E, Calafell F, Bonne-Tamir B, Kidd JR, Casals T, Kidd KK, Bertranpetit J. "Allele Frequencies in a Worldwide Survey of a CA Repeat in the First Intron of the CFTR Gene". Human Heredity 49:15-20. (1999) Online citation.

- Palmatier MA, Kang AM, Kidd KK. "Global variation in the frequencies of functionally different catechol-O-methyltransferase alleles". Biol. Psychiatry. 46:557-67. (1999) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians(Chukotka)

Sample UID: SA002834R

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Chukotka region, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 58

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya S, Kal'ina N, Marusin A, Faskhutdinova G, Morozova I, Kutuev I, Koshechkin V, Khusnutdinova E, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Yankovsky N, Rogaev E. "Distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*47His allele in Eurasia". Am J Hum Genet. 84:89-92. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA002077Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of healthy inhabitants of Moscow, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 100

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Ogurtsov PP, Garmash IV, Miandina GI, Guschin AE, Itkes AV, Moiseev VS "Alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2-1 and ADH2-2 allelic isoforms in the Russian population correlate with type of alcoholic disease". Addict Biol. 6:377-383. (2001) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA002183O

Sample Description:This Russian sample was drawn from Novosibirsk citizens.

Number of Chromosomes: 106

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Yudin NS, Vinogradov SV, Potapova TA, Naykova TM, Sitnikova VV, Kulikov IV, Khasnulin VI, Konchuk C, Vloschinskii PE, Ivanov SV, Kobzev VF, Romaschenko AG, Voevoda MI "Distribution of CCR5-delta 32 gene deletion across the Russian part of Eurasia". Hum Genet. 102:695-8.. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian (Rostov)

Sample UID: SA002629T

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Rostov region of Russia. The places of birth and the ethnicities for two generations of their ancestors were recorded. This sample is from the collection of the Laboratory of Genome Analysis of the Vavilov Institute of General Genetics.

Number of Chromosomes: 228

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- S. A. Borinskaya, D. V. Rebrikov, V. V. Nefedova, I. A. Kofiadi, M. V. Sokolova, E. V. Kolchina, E. A. Kulikova, V. N. Chernyshov, S. I. Kutsev, A. V. Polonikov, V. P. Ivanov, A. I. Kozlov and N. K. Yankovsky "Molecular diagnosis and frequencies of primary hypolactasia in populations of Russia and neighboring countries ". Mol Biol 40:931-935. (2006)

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA000717P

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated, healthy males. All individuals were of European Russian descent. The sample was collected in the Tomsk region of Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 244

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Stepanov VA, Puzyrev VP, Karpov RS, Kutmin AI "Genetic markers in coronary artery disease in a Russian population". Hum Biol 70:47-57. (1998)

Sample Name: Russians, HGDP-CEPH

Sample UID: SA001510H

Sample Description:This sample is part of the Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel collected by the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and the Foundation Jean Dausset (CEPH).

Sample collected by E. Grigorenko from rural communities of ethnic Russians living in the Vologda Administrative Region, about 400 km north of Moscow, roughly 59-61N, 39-41E.

Number of Chromosomes: 50

Relation to Other Samples: Subset of SA000019K

References:
- Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW. "Genetic structure of human populations". Science 298:2381-2385. (2002) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002694V

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Bashkortostan.

Number of Chromosomes: 130

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Galeeva AR, Iur'ev EB, Khusnutdinova EK "Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene in populations of the Volga-Ural region". Genetika. 37:1018-20. (2001) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians (Kursk)

Sample UID: SA002628S

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Kursk region of Russia. The places of birth and the ethnicities for two generations of their ancestors were recorded. This sample is from the collection of the Laboratory of Genome Analysis of the Vavilov Institute of General Genetics.

Number of Chromosomes: 224

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- S. A. Borinskaya, D. V. Rebrikov, V. V. Nefedova, I. A. Kofiadi, M. V. Sokolova, E. V. Kolchina, E. A. Kulikova, V. N. Chernyshov, S. I. Kutsev, A. V. Polonikov, V. P. Ivanov, A. I. Kozlov and N. K. Yankovsky "Molecular diagnosis and frequencies of primary hypolactasia in populations of Russia and neighboring countries ". Mol Biol 40:931-935. (2006)

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002242K

Sample Description:This sample were obtained from Russians patients admitted to the Institute of Pulmonary and Cancer center, Moscow. This sample for the study was provided by Dr.A.Tatosyan.

Number of Chromosomes: 352

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Voevodin A, Samilchuk E, Dashti S "A survey for 32 nucleotide deletion in the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene (deltaccr-5) conferring resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in different ethnic groups and in chimpanzees". J Med Virol. 55:147-51. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Name: Novgorod

Sample UID: SA000764R

Sample Description:The Novgorod is a population from Northwestern Russia. They represent the Indo-European language family. This sample was collected with informed consent. All individuals were unrelated and healthy with three generations living in the region.

Number of Chromosomes: 180

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Verbenko DA, Pogoda TV, Spitsyn VA, Mikulich AI, Bets LV, Bebyakova NA, Ivanov VP, Abolmasov NN, Pocheshkhova EA, Balanovskaya EV, Tarskaya LA, Sorensen MV, Limborska SA. "Apolipoprotein B 3'-VNTR polymorphism in Eastern European populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 11:444-51. . (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA001432K

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians. Linguistically the Russians belong to the Slovanic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Number of Chromosomes: 116

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kutuev IA, Fatkhlislamova RI, Khidiyatova IM, Khusnutdinova EK. "Analysis of Polymorphisms of the Huntington Disease Gene in Ethnic Populations of the Volga¿Ural Region". Mol Biol 37:818-826. (2003)

Sample Name: Russian (Chukotka)

Sample UID: SA002630L

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Chukotka, Russia. The places of birth and the ethnicities for two generations of their ancestors were recorded. This sample is from the collection of the Laboratory of Genome Analysis of the Vavilov Institute of General Genetics.

Number of Chromosomes: 52

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- S. A. Borinskaya, D. V. Rebrikov, V. V. Nefedova, I. A. Kofiadi, M. V. Sokolova, E. V. Kolchina, E. A. Kulikova, V. N. Chernyshov, S. I. Kutsev, A. V. Polonikov, V. P. Ivanov, A. I. Kozlov and N. K. Yankovsky "Molecular diagnosis and frequencies of primary hypolactasia in populations of Russia and neighboring countries ". Mol Biol 40:931-935. (2006)

Sample Name: Russia

Sample UID: SA002703M

Sample Description:This sample consists of specimens selected from the neonatal screening programme that collects and banks specimens from 54 maternity hospitals in the Moscow area. All selected babies were apparently free from congenital anomalies. This study was conducted under the auspices of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defect Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) and was coordinated through its head office, the International Center on Birth Defects. Local review boards approved the study.In all cases personal identifiers were removed before data were provided to ICBD for epidemiological analysis.

Number of Chromosomes: 1174

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, Zhu H, Ritvanen A, Renlund M, Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Czeizel AE, Gelman-Kohan Z, Scarano G, Bianca S, Ettore G, Tenconi R, Bellato S, Scala I, Mutchinick OM, López MA, de Walle H, Hofstra R, Joutchenko L, Kavteladze L, Bermejo E, Martínez-Frías ML, Gallagher M, Erickson JD, Vollset SE, Mastroiacovo P, Andria G, Botto LD. "Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide". J Med Genet. 40:619-25.. (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Kursk

Sample UID: SA000762P

Sample Description:The Kursk is a population from South Russia. They represent the Indo-European language family. This sample was collected with informed consent. All individuals were unrelated and healthy with three generations living in the region.

Number of Chromosomes: 176

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Verbenko DA, Pogoda TV, Spitsyn VA, Mikulich AI, Bets LV, Bebyakova NA, Ivanov VP, Abolmasov NN, Pocheshkhova EA, Balanovskaya EV, Tarskaya LA, Sorensen MV, Limborska SA. "Apolipoprotein B 3'-VNTR polymorphism in Eastern European populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 11:444-51. . (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Smolensk

Sample UID: SA000763Q

Sample Description:The Smolensk is a population from Central European Russia. They represent the Indo-European language family. This sample was collected with informed consent. All individuals were unrelated and healthy with three generations living in the region.

Number of Chromosomes: 184

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Verbenko DA, Pogoda TV, Spitsyn VA, Mikulich AI, Bets LV, Bebyakova NA, Ivanov VP, Abolmasov NN, Pocheshkhova EA, Balanovskaya EV, Tarskaya LA, Sorensen MV, Limborska SA. "Apolipoprotein B 3'-VNTR polymorphism in Eastern European populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 11:444-51. . (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA000133H

Sample Description:Russians from Perm

Number of Chromosomes: 80

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Hollox EJ, Poulter M, Zvarik M, Ferak V, Krause A, Jenkins T, Saha N, Kozlov AI, Swallow DM. "Lactase Haplotype Diversity in the Old World ". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:160-172. (2001) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA001633N

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians.

Number of Chromosomes: 224

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Yoshiura KI et al. "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.". Nat Genet. 38:324-330. (2006) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA001439R

Sample Description:This sample consists of randomly samples unrelated Russian individuals living in 57 regions of Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 804

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kornienko IV, Vodolazhsky DI, Ivanov PL. "Genetic variation of the nine Profiler Plus loci in Russians". Int J Legal Med. 116:309-311. (2002) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA002086Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of randomly selected Russian immigrants.

Number of Chromosomes: 54

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Hasin D, Aharonovich E, Liu X, Mamman Z, Matseoane K, Carr L, Li TK "Alcohol and ADH2 in Israel: Ashkenazis, Sephardics, and recent Russian immigrants". Am J Psychiatry. 159:1432-4. (2002) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russia

Sample UID: SA002401H

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from St.Petersburg region.

Number of Chromosomes: 74

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Magierowska M, Lepage V, Boubnova L, Carcassi C, de Juan D, Djoulah S, El Chenawi F, Grunnet N, Hallé L, Ivanova R, Jungerman M, Naumova E, Petrany G, Sonnerborg A, Stavropoulos C, Thorsby E, Vu-Trieu A, Debré P, Theodorou I, Charron D "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32 base pair deletion and SDF1-3'A variant in healthy individuals from different populations". Immunogenetics. 48:417-9. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russian

Sample UID: SA002131H

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated Russian individuals from Kostroma oblast, Russia. Individuals were questioned on the birthplace and ethnic affiliation of the ancestors down to two generations.

Number of Chromosomes: 236

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya,S; Gasemianrodsari,F; Kalyina,N; Sokolova,M; Yankovsky,N "Polymorphism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ADH1B in Eastern Slavic and Iranian-Speaking Populations". Russian Journal of Genetics 41:1291-1294. (2005) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russia

Sample UID: SA002522L

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Russia. This sample was collected as part of anthropological surveys of investigation of non-HIV related medical conditions.

Number of Chromosomes: 92

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Martinson JJ, Chapman NH, Rees DC, Liu YT, Clegg JB. "Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion". Nat Genet 16:100-103. (1997) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians, Archangel'sk

Sample UID: SA001530J

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated Russians residing at the southwest border of the Arkhangel'sk region of Nothern Russia. This sample was established from a small, relatively isolated population. The area was settled sometime around the 11th and 12th centuries by Novogordians. The population has decreased and increased in size a number of times due to various religious, political, and economical events in the region. Currently, the population has ~900 members.

Number of Chromosomes: 68

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kidd KK et al. http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/kkidd/pops.html

Sample Name: Russians(Bashkortostan)

Sample UID: SA002835S

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Bashkortostan, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 198

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya S, Kal'ina N, Marusin A, Faskhutdinova G, Morozova I, Kutuev I, Koshechkin V, Khusnutdinova E, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Yankovsky N, Rogaev E. "Distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*47His allele in Eurasia". Am J Hum Genet. 84:89-92. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians (Rostov district)

Sample UID: SA002842Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Rostov district, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 196

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya S, Kal'ina N, Marusin A, Faskhutdinova G, Morozova I, Kutuev I, Koshechkin V, Khusnutdinova E, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Yankovsky N, Rogaev E. "Distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*47His allele in Eurasia". Am J Hum Genet. 84:89-92. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Name: Moscow

Sample UID: SA002729U

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Moscow who were recruited as controls for a study on aerodigestive disorders. The controls were matched to cases by age, sex, and referral or residence area.

Number of Chromosomes: 1594

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Hashibe M, McKay JD, Curado MP, Oliveira JC, Koifman S, Koifman R, Zaridze D, Shangina O, Wünsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Levi JE, Matos E, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Benhamou S et.al. "Multiple ADH genes are associated with upper aerodigestive cancers". Nat Genet. 40:707-9. (2008) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002420I

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Ryazan oblast, Kostroma oblast, and Kursk oblast. Data on the birth places and the nationality of the relatives in two generations were collected from volunteer donors and informed consent was obtained.

Number of Chromosomes: 206

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kozhekbaeva GM, Borodina TA, Borinskaia SA, Gusar VA, Feshchenko SP, Akhmetova VL, Khusainova RI, Gupalo EIu, Spitsyn VA, Grechanina EIa, Khusnutdinova K, Iankovskiĭ NK. "Distribution of the HIV-1 resistance-conferring alleles (CCR5delta32, CCR2-64I, and SDF1 3'A) in Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian populations". Genetika. 40:1394-401. (2004) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA001857V

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Moscow, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 166

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Libert F, Cochaux P, Beckman G, Samson M, Aksenova M, Cao A, Czeizel A, Claustres M, de la Rua C, Ferrari M, Ferrec C, Glover G, Grinde B, Guran S, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Mercier B, Ogur G, Peltonen L, Rosatelli C, Schwartz M, Spitsyn V, Timar L, Beckman L, Parmentier M, Vassart G "The deltaccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe". Hum Mol Genet. 7:399-406.. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002793V

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians residing in Tomsk city. DNA samples were obtained from the DNA bank of the Research Institute of Medical Genetics in Tomsk, Russia. Blood samples were collected from volunteers for 15 years. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Research Institute of Medical Genetics (Tomsk, Russia). Written informed consent was obtained from the volunteers before blood sampling.

Number of Chromosomes: 176

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Makeeva O, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Goldstein DB, Grossman I "Global pharmacogenetics: genetic substructure of Eurasian populations and its effect on variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes". Pharmacogenomics. 9:847-68.. (2008) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002775V

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Moscow.

Number of Chromosomes: 108

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Rusakova OS, Garmash IV, Guschin AE, Ogurtsov PP, Moiseev VS "Liver alcoholic cirrhosis and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol oxidative enzymes (ADH2 and ALDH2) and angiotensinogen.". Clinical pharmacology and therapy (in Russian) 14:31-34. (2006)

Sample Name: Kostroma

Sample UID: SA000765S

Sample Description:The Kostroma is a population from Northeastern Russia. They represent the Indo-European language family. This sample was collected with informed consent. All individuals were unrelated and healthy with three generations living in the region.

Number of Chromosomes: 160

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Verbenko DA, Pogoda TV, Spitsyn VA, Mikulich AI, Bets LV, Bebyakova NA, Ivanov VP, Abolmasov NN, Pocheshkhova EA, Balanovskaya EV, Tarskaya LA, Sorensen MV, Limborska SA. "Apolipoprotein B 3'-VNTR polymorphism in Eastern European populations". Eur J Hum Genet. 11:444-51. . (2003) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002396U

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Vologda oblast. The subjects for this study were the DNA samples from the collection of the Laboratory of Human Histocompatibility Genetics of the Institute of Immunology (Russia). Blood samples were taken from the unrelated anonymous volunteers who gave their informed consent. Data on the birthplace and ethnicity upto two generations were collected.

Number of Chromosomes: 192

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Kofiadi IA, Rebrikov DV, Trofimov DY, Alexeev LP, Khaitov RM "Allelic distribution of the CCR5, CCR2, and SDF1 gene polymorphisms associated with HIV-1/AIDS resistance in Russian populations". Dokl Biol Sci. 415:320-3. (2007) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002850P

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from the city of Tomsk.

Number of Chromosomes: 252

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Trifonova EA, Spiridonova MG, Stepanov VA "Genetic diversity and the structure of linkage disequilibrium in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase locus". Genetika. 44:1410-9.. (2008) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians (Moscow)

Sample UID: SA002841P

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Moscow.

Number of Chromosomes: 208

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya S, Kal'ina N, Marusin A, Faskhutdinova G, Morozova I, Kutuev I, Koshechkin V, Khusnutdinova E, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Yankovsky N, Rogaev E. "Distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*47His allele in Eurasia". Am J Hum Genet. 84:89-92. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians (Kursk)

Sample UID: SA002843R

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Kursk, Russia.

Number of Chromosomes: 172

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borinskaya S, Kal'ina N, Marusin A, Faskhutdinova G, Morozova I, Kutuev I, Koshechkin V, Khusnutdinova E, Stepanov V, Puzyrev V, Yankovsky N, Rogaev E. "Distribution of the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH1B*47His allele in Eurasia". Am J Hum Genet. 84:89-92. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002674T

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russians from Tomsk city(n=125), Seversk city(n=219), and Kargala village(n=158) of Tomsk area.

Number of Chromosomes: 1004

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Marusin AV, Spiridonova MG, Goncharova IA, Kharkov VN, Pel's YR, Stepanov VA "Distribution of the VNTR polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of the DAT1 gene in Russian, Khant and Yakut populations.". 13th International Congress on Circumpolar Health (Abstract) (2006)

Sample Name: Russians

Sample UID: SA002470N

Sample Description:This sample consists of Russian individuals.

Number of Chromosomes: 100

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Stephens JC, Reich DE, Goldstein DB, Shin HD, Smith MW et.al. "Dating the origin of the CCR5-Delta32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes". Am J Hum Genet. 62:1507-15. (1998) Online citation.

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© 2009 Kenneth K Kidd, Yale University. All rights reserved. The full Copyright Notification is also available.
Originally prototyped by Michael Osier with the aid of Kei Cheung
Upgrades and maintenance since 2002 by Haseena Rajeevan