ALFRED

The ALlele FREquency Database
A resource of gene frequency data on human populations
supported by the U. S. National Science Foundation.

ALFRED detailed record information

Population Information

Name	ALFRED UID	Primary Language	Language Family
French	PO000111D	French	Indo-European

Synonyms:
Geographic Location¹: 51N, 3E; 42.5N, 7.5E

Sites typed for this population: View List
Population Samples: See Sample Information
External Resources: Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH Record Ethnologue: Language Map Record Ethnologue: Language Description Record Ethnologue: Country Description Record
References: See references
Population Description: France is a country that has undergone thousands of years of migrations and invasions. The nation itself underwent considerable expansions up until the middle of the 17th century. It is for these reasons that the ethnic French person is really a mixture of many different groups, namely Germanic, Celtic, and Roman populations. It is also this reason that even by the end of the 18th century, the majority of the country did not speak French. To overcome this obstacle, the French nation created a rather successful law that defined a person by their geographical boundaries. It was the "law of the soil" which claimed that the ethic identity of an individual and their residence were inseparable. Therefore, everyone who was within France's borders became assimilated into the mainstream French culture and identity. This also connects with France's long history of immigration. There are many immigrants in the country. However, generally they are absorbed into the French culture rather than distinguishing themselves as a distinct group. There are several ethic minorities in France such as the Flemish, Basque, and Alsacians who hold onto their identity as distinct from the rest of the culture. The modern French language is actually a dialect of a language from northern section of the country. The modern French language developed in the Parisian Basin during medieval times. The vast majority of the population of the country now speaks this Romance language. The prevailing religion of the French population is Roman Catholicism. There is also a small yet significant Ashkenazi Jewish population in France.
References:

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA000554O

Sample Description:This sample consists of French Caucasions. The sample was collected from different regions of France including Strasbourg, Grenoble, Marseille, Lille, Nantes, and Paris.

Number of Chromosomes: 144

Relation to Other Samples: Superset of sample SA000510G

References:
- Batzer MA, Arcot SS, Phinney JW, Alegria-Hartman M, Kass DH, Milligan SM, Kimpton C, Gill P, Hochmeister M, Ioannou PA, Herrera RJ, Boudreau DA, Scheer WD, Keats BJB, Deininger PL, Stoneking M. "Genetic variation of recent Alu Insertions in human populations". J Mol Evol 42:22-29. (1996) Online citation.

- Monson KL, Moisan J-P, Pascal O, McSween M, Aubert D, Guisti A, Budowle B, Lavergne L. "Description and analysis of allele distribution for four VNTR markers in French and French Canadian populations". Hum Hered 45:135-143. (1995) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Bordeaux

Sample UID: SA002080K

Sample Description:This sample consists of men and women from Bordeaux, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 320

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Borras E, Coutelle C, Rosell A, Fernandez-Muixi F, Broch M, Crosas B, Hjelmqvist L, Lorenzo A, Gutierrez C, Santos M, Szczepanek M, Heilig M, Quattrocchi P, Farres J, Vidal F, Richart C, Mach T, Bogdal J, Jornvall H, Seitz HK, Couzigou P, Pares X "Genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase in europeans: the ADH2*2 allele decreases the risk for alcoholism and is associated with ADH3*1". Hepatology. 31:984-9. (2000) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA000544N

Sample Description:This sample consists of French Caucasions. The sample was collected from different regions of France including Strasbourg, Grenoble, Marseille, Lille, Nantes, and Paris.

Number of Chromosomes: 106

Relation to Other Samples: Superset of sample SA000510G

References:
- Monson KL, Moisan J-P, Pascal O, McSween M, Aubert D, Guisti A, Budowle B, Lavergne L. "Description and analysis of allele distribution for four VNTR markers in French and French Canadian populations". Hum Hered 45:135-143. (1995) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Ajaccio

Sample UID: SA002573R

Sample Description:This sample consists of French individuals from Ajaccio, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 208

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G "Frequency of the coreceptor CCR5 gene delta 32 mutation in different French regions". C R Acad Sci III. 321:409-13. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: France,Strasbourg

Sample UID: SA002699A

Sample Description:Specimens were taken from consecutive newborns from newborn screening centres in Department du Bas-rhin. Specimens consisted of the remainder of blood spots used by the newborn screening program. This study was conducted under the auspices of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defect Monitoring Systems (ICBDMS) and was coordinated through its head office, the International Center on Birth Defects. Local review boards approved the study.In all cases personal identifiers were removed before data were provided to ICBD for epidemiological analysis.

Number of Chromosomes: 356

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, Zhu H, Ritvanen A, Renlund M, Stoll C, Alembik Y, Dott B, Czeizel AE, Gelman-Kohan Z, Scarano G, Bianca S, Ettore G, Tenconi R, Bellato S, Scala I, Mutchinick OM, L�pez MA, de Walle H, Hofstra R, Joutchenko L, Kavteladze L, Bermejo E, Mart�nez-Fr�as ML, Gallagher M, Erickson JD, Vollset SE, Mastroiacovo P, Andria G, Botto LD. "Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide". J Med Genet. 40:619-25.. (2003) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French, unrelated CEPH

Sample UID: SA000123G

Sample Description:French sample of unrelated members of the CEPH kindreds.

Number of Chromosomes: 40

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Jorde LB, Bamshad MJ, Watkins WS, Zenger R, Fraley AE, Krakowiak PA, Carpenter KD, Soodyall H, Jenkins T, Rogers AR. "Origins and affinities of modern humans: a comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data.". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:523-538. (1995) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA000848U

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals selected from adults residing in eastern France.

Number of Chromosomes: 1716

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Ng MC, Wang Y, So WY, Cheng S, Visvikis S, Zee RY, Fernandez-Cruz A, Lindpaintner K, Chan JC. "Ethnic differences in the linkage disequilibrium and distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 35 candidate genes for cardiovascular diseases". Genomics 83: 559-65. (2004) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French (Brittany)

Sample UID: SA001863S

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Brest, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 200

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Libert F, Cochaux P, Beckman G, Samson M, Aksenova M, Cao A, Czeizel A, Claustres M, de la Rua C, Ferrari M, Ferrec C, Glover G, Grinde B, Guran S, Kucinskas V, Lavinha J, Mercier B, Ogur G, Peltonen L, Rosatelli C, Schwartz M, Spitsyn V, Timar L, Beckman L, Parmentier M, Vassart G "The deltaccr5 mutation conferring protection against HIV-1 in Caucasian populations has a single and recent origin in Northeastern Europe". Hum Mol Genet. 7:399-406.. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Nice

Sample UID: SA002462O

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Nice, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 248

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G. "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion in Europe". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 19:174-7. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA002941Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of French individuals who were part of a case-control study. The study was conducted in France between 1997 and 2001 in three general hospitals located in Paris. This sample includes the non-urological control treated at the medical departments for non-tobacco related diseases. Detailed information on sociodemographic characteristics, medical history and occupational history was collected. All participants signed informed consent agreements and the study was approved by the Ethical Committee for the Protection of human subjects at Kremblin-Bicetre Hospital (France).

Number of Chromosomes: 332

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Michiels S, Laplanche A, Boulet T, Dessen P, Guillonneau B, M�jean A, Desgrandchamps F, Lathrop M, Sarasin A, Benhamou S "Genetic polymorphisms in 85 DNA repair genes and bladder cancer risk". Carcinogenesis. 30:763-8. (2009) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA000666S

Sample Description:This sample consists of French Caucasions. The sample was collected from different regions of France including Strasbourg, Grenoble, Marseille, Lille, Nantes, and Paris.

Number of Chromosomes: 144

Relation to Other Samples: Superset of sample SA000510G

References:
- Arcot SS, Adamson AW, Risch GW, LaFleur J, Robichaux MB, Lamerdin JE, Carrano AV, Batzer MA "High-resolution cartography of recently integrated human chromosome 19-specific Alu fossils". J Mol Biol 281:843-56. (1998) Online citation.

- Batzer MA, Arcot SS, Phinney JW, Alegria-Hartman M, Kass DH, Milligan SM, Kimpton C, Gill P, Hochmeister M, Ioannou PA, Herrera RJ, Boudreau DA, Scheer WD, Keats BJB, Deininger PL, Stoneking M. "Genetic variation of recent Alu Insertions in human populations". J Mol Evol 42:22-29. (1996) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French, HGDP-CEPH

Sample UID: SA001503J

Sample Description:This sample form various regions of France is part of the Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel collected by the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and the Foundation Jean Dausset (CEPH). This sample consists of unrelated individuals and was collected with proper informed consent.

Note: In many publications subset H952 of the HGDP panel (with first and second degree relatives excluded from the original set) was typed and for this population that decreases the sample size from 29 to 28 individuals.

Number of Chromosomes: 58

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW. "Genetic structure of human populations". Science 298:2381-2385. (2002) Online citation.

- Rosenberg NA. "Standardized subsets of the HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel, accounting for atypical and duplicated samples and pairs of close relatives.". Ann Hum Genet. 70:841-847. (2006) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French (Montpellier)

Sample UID: SA001864T

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Montpellier, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 198

Relation to Other Samples:

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: South France

Sample UID: SA002459U

Sample Description:This sample consists of individuals from South France.

Number of Chromosomes: 652

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G. "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion in Europe". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 19:174-7. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA000686U

Sample Description:This sample consists of French Caucasions. The sample was collected from different regions of France including Strasbourg, Grenoble, Marseille, Lille, Nantes, and Paris.

Number of Chromosomes: 144

Relation to Other Samples: Superset of sample SA000544N

- Romualdi C, Balding D, Nasidze IS, Risch G, Robichaux M, Sherry ST, Stoneking M, Batzer MA, Barbujani G. "Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from Biallilic DNA polymorphisms". Genome Res 12:602-612. (2002) Online citation.

- Stoneking M, Fontius JJ, Clifford SL, Soodyall H, Arcot SS, Saha N, Jenkins T, Tahir MA, Deininger PL, Batzer MA. "Alu insertion polymorphisms and human evolution: evidence for a larger population size in Africa ". Genome Res 7:1061-71. (1997) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Reims

Sample UID: SA002455Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Reims, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 552

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G. "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion in Europe". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 19:174-7. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French

Sample UID: SA001064L

Sample Description:This sample consists of healthly French (22% female) anonymous blood donors. These subjects were controls in a study of mental disease and none had a first degree relative affected with "probable schizophrenia". Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Number of Chromosomes: 100

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Dubertret C, Gorwood P, Gouya L, Deybach JC, Ades J. "Association and excess of transmission of a DRD2 haplotype in a sample of French schizophrenic patients". Schizophr Res. 49:203-212. (2001) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French-CEPH

Sample UID: SA001636Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of individuals from the CEPH French families.

Number of Chromosomes: 24

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Yoshiura KI et al. "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type.". Nat Genet. 38:324-330. (2006) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: East France

Sample UID: SA002456R

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Eastern France.

Number of Chromosomes: 582

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G. "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion in Europe". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 19:174-7. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Paris

Sample UID: SA002457S

Sample Description:This sample consists of unrelated individuals from Paris, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 588

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G. "Distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-bp deletion in Europe". J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 19:174-7. (1998) Online citation.

Sample Information:

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: French (CEPH)

Sample UID: SA002057O

Sample Description:This sample consists of French individuals. This sample is part of the Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel collected by the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and the Foundation Jean Dausset (CEPH).

Number of Chromosomes: 48

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Ingram CJ, Elamin MF, Mulcare CA, Weale ME, Tarekegn A, Raga TO, Bekele E, Elamin FM, Thomas MG, Bradman N, Swallow DM. "A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence?". Hum Genet. 120:779-788. (2007) Online citation.

Graph estimated heterozygosities for various sites

Sample Name: Perpignan

Sample UID: SA002572Q

Sample Description:This sample consists of French individuals from Perpignan, France.

Number of Chromosomes: 204

Relation to Other Samples:

References:
- Lucotte G, Mercier G "Frequency of the coreceptor CCR5 gene delta 32 mutation in different French regions". C R Acad Sci III. 321:409-13. (1998) Online citation.

¹Geographic Coordinates represent two opposite corners of a rectangle encompassing the area where the population lives.This data is preliminary and changing.

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© 2009 Kenneth K Kidd, Yale University. All rights reserved. The full Copyright Notification is also available.
Originally prototyped by Michael Osier with the aid of Kei Cheung
Upgrades and maintenance since 2002 by Haseena Rajeevan